Membuat Pesan Pada Awal Startup Windows XP
Buat atau tambahkan tulisan berikut pada file autoexec.bat:
Echo off
Cls
Echo Komputer ini milik RaR Team
Echo.
Echo Jadi jangan sekali-sekali di ubah ya ya...
Echo.
For %%C in(A B C D E F G H I J K L) do Dir C:\Windows >Null
Echo.
Echo Kalau Mengubah Ubah, RaR Administrator..!!!
Maka tiap kali komputer anda di-boot, akan muncul pesan tersebut. Tulisan yang diawali dengan Echo bisa anda ganti dengan pesan dari anda. Jadi kamu bisa ngerjain teman yang masih awam dalam komputer dengan tulisan-tulisan aneh, seperti "Komputer Anda Terserang Virus" Pasti friend anda bingung.
Showing posts with label Kesehatan. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Kesehatan. Show all posts
Sunday, May 8, 2011
Tuesday, March 8, 2011
Autopsy
Viewed from the aspect of purpose, post-mortem (autopsy) can be divided into three groups, namely:
1.
Anatomical autopsy
is a necropsy in order to apply the theory obtained by medical students or other health care students as lab materials about the theory of human anatomy (anatomy).
2.
Clinical autopsy
is surgery on corpses who died in hospital after receiving adequate care from the doctors. Surgery was done in order to know in depth the nature of change in a disease after intensive treatment in advance and to know for certain types of diseases that are perfectly unknown during his illness.
3.
Forensic Autopsy
is surgery of the body of law aimed at seeking the truth of an event occurring, such as allegations of murder, suicide, accidents, and others. Such surgery is usually done at the request of the police or the judiciary to ensure the cause of someone's death. Hail vise physicians (visum et repertum) this will affect the decision of the judge in deciding a case.
Islamic views on Surgery Corpse (autopsy):
Broadly speaking, in this case there are two opinions.
1.Pendapat first autopsy revealed all kinds of haraam.
The reason is the following hadith, Aisha r.a. From that Rasulullah SAW said:
"Verily, the body was the same bone breaking (sin) view break at the time of his life."
(Reported by Ahmad, Abu Dawud, and Ibn Majah)
2.Pendapat second autopsy stated that the ruling on permissible (be).
The reason, the purpose of anatomical and clinical autopsy in line with the principles established by the Prophet Muhammad. In a history narrated that a Bedouin Arab came to the Prophet Muhammad as he asked,
"Do we need treatment?"
Prophet Muhammad answered
, "O servant of Allah. Berobatlah you, Allah does not reduce the disease but also to (determine) the cure, except for one disease, namely old disease. "
(Abu Daud, Tirmidhi, and Ahmad). Prophet Muhammad ordered treatment of any disease, it means implicitly (implied) we are commanded to do research to determine the types of diseases and ways of treatment. Anatomical and clinical autopsy is one of media or device research to develop expertise in the field of medicine. The purpose of forensic autopsy in line with the principle of Islam to uphold truth and justice in the legal establishment, as word of his
"Allah commands you convey the message to who deserve it and tell you if it establishes the law among men in order that you specify with justice ..."
(Surah An-Nisa 4:58) A judge must decide a case law correctly and fairly. In order to determine the law correctly and fairly necessary evidence of legitimate and accurate. Forensic autopsy is one way or the media to find the evidence. Looking at the reasons mentioned above, can be concluded that the autopsy anatomical, clinical and forensic legal
permissible
(Fine) because the goal is not contrary to Islamic teachings. The post-mortem carried out without the correct destination, its legal
illegitimate
as described testimony by the first opinion. The theme of the use of bodies as objects of study, including a new case that the answer is not directly guided by the Quran and hadith (nash). Matching explicit in the texts was not found. So it can not be used qiyas methods (analogy). Such cases, the study of fiqh, the solution sought by the method takhrij. Namely, find an analogy in legal norms generated through ijtihad because it is not exposed directly by nash.Dalam contemporary fiqh literature, there are two models of opinion.
First
, Views the mufti of Egypt, Joseph Ad-Dajwi
, Who concluded that such practices were allowed (
jawaz
.)
Second
, The opinion of another Egyptian mufti, Muhammad al-Mith'i Bukhet
, That the surgeon's body should only be for two purposes: to take the property of people, such as gems, which are stored in the stomach body, and save a fetus in his mother who died of stomach. If for research, he said, should not be (
He yajuuz
). Takhrij view both are the result of studies on classical scholars. Discussion of the legal form of post-mortem on the two cases: taking the jewels that are stored in the stomach body and save the fetus. In the case of taking property in the belly of the corpse, a jurist of Hanafi school of thought may be if the deceased or the deceased did not leave anything that can be used instead. Because human rights should take precedence over the rights Allah.Dalam Shafi'i school, in the opinion of the famous, it can be done absolutely. Similarly, the opinion of Imam al-Maliki Sahnun. Meanwhile, Ahmad ibn Hanbal was not justified. In the case took the fetus, and Hanafi jurist Shafi'i school of thought permissible. Meanwhile, Maliki and Hanbali schools of banning.
Differences stem from the differences in understanding the traditions of the Prophet to the grave diggers not to damage the bones obtained from the cemetery.
"You do not damage the bone, because bone damage to a person who has died the same as destroying the bone a person who is still alive,"
words of the Prophet, narrated by Malik, Ibn Majah, and Abu Dawud with a sahih.Pendapat chains that prohibit body abdominal surgery comes from the understanding that the hadith implicitly, in any condition. While the reasons for allowing opinion is an emergency, such as embryo rescue and take harta.Syekh Abdul Majid Sulem, another mufti of Egypt, in al-Fataawa al-Islamiyah, commenting on the hadith earlier. According to him, tradition was valid when no benefit is more crucial (maslahah rajihah). If there are more crucial benefit to be achieved, such as saving the fetus, then including pengecualian.Fatwa MUI No. 19, dated February 5, 1988, mentions that the scientific investigation of the corpse is not forbidden by Islam. Having used the investigation, the corpse must be buried. MUI's view, 20 years ago, was in line with Joseph Ad-Dajwi.Komisi fatwa MUI fatwa, make decisions with several clauses:
First
, The legal origin of the preservation of the bodies is haram. For human remains were respectable, though already dead. People who live must fulfill the rights of the corpse. One of them, hasten the bodies were buried.
Second,
preserving the body for research is allowed, but limited (muqoyyad). With the provision, the study is useful for scientific development and bring serious benefits to weigh bigger: providing life protection. Not to practice alone.
Third,
prior to pickling, the rights of Muslim bodies should be met. For example bathed, shrouded, and disalati. Preservation of bodies for research must be done within the proportional limit, only for research. If the study has been completed, the corpse must be buried in accordance with the provisions of Islamic Shari'a.
Fourth,
countries are asked to make regulations governing the provision and mekanismenya.Kaidah in Islam, Masdar F Mas'udi review of the Board of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), basically everything is allowed until there is a theorem that states terlarang.Organ body of Islamic law regarding human life as they relate to the soul. So far there are no rules about the human body donation after death, because it can be done. Moreover, the donation goal is to save human lives. It is appreciated and valued as a charity.
Permit the use of bodies could be given by the owner of the body while still alive or if the family permits have died. For unidentified corpse, permission is given by Prof. dikemukan pemerintah.Hal matching. Dr. Komaruddin Hidayat of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. According to him, there is actually no need to worry if the donated body then the body becomes incomplete when facing God. "When someone dies, his soul leaves the body to face God, was destroyed together with the soil body. If donated for research and education that benefit humanity, the owners will get a reward, "ujarnya.Menurut Secretary of the Honorary Board of Ethics Indonesian Medical Doctor Association dr. Agus Purwadianto, SPF, SH, MSi, Indonesia has had a fatwa about the rules and post-mortem, among other considerations Fatwa Council Health and Personality 'Ministry of Health No. 4 / 1955, which states the ruling on permissible post-mortem (not forbidden and not permitted). In Fatwa No. 7 / 1957 described the use of the procedures the corpse for the sake of education. In addition, there is Government Regulation No. 18/1981 on the corpse of Clinical Surgery and Transplant Surgery Bodies Anatomical and Network Equipment and / or Human Body. (ATK).
1.
Anatomical autopsy
is a necropsy in order to apply the theory obtained by medical students or other health care students as lab materials about the theory of human anatomy (anatomy).
2.
Clinical autopsy
is surgery on corpses who died in hospital after receiving adequate care from the doctors. Surgery was done in order to know in depth the nature of change in a disease after intensive treatment in advance and to know for certain types of diseases that are perfectly unknown during his illness.
3.
Forensic Autopsy
is surgery of the body of law aimed at seeking the truth of an event occurring, such as allegations of murder, suicide, accidents, and others. Such surgery is usually done at the request of the police or the judiciary to ensure the cause of someone's death. Hail vise physicians (visum et repertum) this will affect the decision of the judge in deciding a case.
Islamic views on Surgery Corpse (autopsy):
Broadly speaking, in this case there are two opinions.
1.Pendapat first autopsy revealed all kinds of haraam.
The reason is the following hadith, Aisha r.a. From that Rasulullah SAW said:
"Verily, the body was the same bone breaking (sin) view break at the time of his life."
(Reported by Ahmad, Abu Dawud, and Ibn Majah)
2.Pendapat second autopsy stated that the ruling on permissible (be).
The reason, the purpose of anatomical and clinical autopsy in line with the principles established by the Prophet Muhammad. In a history narrated that a Bedouin Arab came to the Prophet Muhammad as he asked,
"Do we need treatment?"
Prophet Muhammad answered
, "O servant of Allah. Berobatlah you, Allah does not reduce the disease but also to (determine) the cure, except for one disease, namely old disease. "
(Abu Daud, Tirmidhi, and Ahmad). Prophet Muhammad ordered treatment of any disease, it means implicitly (implied) we are commanded to do research to determine the types of diseases and ways of treatment. Anatomical and clinical autopsy is one of media or device research to develop expertise in the field of medicine. The purpose of forensic autopsy in line with the principle of Islam to uphold truth and justice in the legal establishment, as word of his
"Allah commands you convey the message to who deserve it and tell you if it establishes the law among men in order that you specify with justice ..."
(Surah An-Nisa 4:58) A judge must decide a case law correctly and fairly. In order to determine the law correctly and fairly necessary evidence of legitimate and accurate. Forensic autopsy is one way or the media to find the evidence. Looking at the reasons mentioned above, can be concluded that the autopsy anatomical, clinical and forensic legal
permissible
(Fine) because the goal is not contrary to Islamic teachings. The post-mortem carried out without the correct destination, its legal
illegitimate
as described testimony by the first opinion. The theme of the use of bodies as objects of study, including a new case that the answer is not directly guided by the Quran and hadith (nash). Matching explicit in the texts was not found. So it can not be used qiyas methods (analogy). Such cases, the study of fiqh, the solution sought by the method takhrij. Namely, find an analogy in legal norms generated through ijtihad because it is not exposed directly by nash.Dalam contemporary fiqh literature, there are two models of opinion.
First
, Views the mufti of Egypt, Joseph Ad-Dajwi
, Who concluded that such practices were allowed (
jawaz
.)
Second
, The opinion of another Egyptian mufti, Muhammad al-Mith'i Bukhet
, That the surgeon's body should only be for two purposes: to take the property of people, such as gems, which are stored in the stomach body, and save a fetus in his mother who died of stomach. If for research, he said, should not be (
He yajuuz
). Takhrij view both are the result of studies on classical scholars. Discussion of the legal form of post-mortem on the two cases: taking the jewels that are stored in the stomach body and save the fetus. In the case of taking property in the belly of the corpse, a jurist of Hanafi school of thought may be if the deceased or the deceased did not leave anything that can be used instead. Because human rights should take precedence over the rights Allah.Dalam Shafi'i school, in the opinion of the famous, it can be done absolutely. Similarly, the opinion of Imam al-Maliki Sahnun. Meanwhile, Ahmad ibn Hanbal was not justified. In the case took the fetus, and Hanafi jurist Shafi'i school of thought permissible. Meanwhile, Maliki and Hanbali schools of banning.
Differences stem from the differences in understanding the traditions of the Prophet to the grave diggers not to damage the bones obtained from the cemetery.
"You do not damage the bone, because bone damage to a person who has died the same as destroying the bone a person who is still alive,"
words of the Prophet, narrated by Malik, Ibn Majah, and Abu Dawud with a sahih.Pendapat chains that prohibit body abdominal surgery comes from the understanding that the hadith implicitly, in any condition. While the reasons for allowing opinion is an emergency, such as embryo rescue and take harta.Syekh Abdul Majid Sulem, another mufti of Egypt, in al-Fataawa al-Islamiyah, commenting on the hadith earlier. According to him, tradition was valid when no benefit is more crucial (maslahah rajihah). If there are more crucial benefit to be achieved, such as saving the fetus, then including pengecualian.Fatwa MUI No. 19, dated February 5, 1988, mentions that the scientific investigation of the corpse is not forbidden by Islam. Having used the investigation, the corpse must be buried. MUI's view, 20 years ago, was in line with Joseph Ad-Dajwi.Komisi fatwa MUI fatwa, make decisions with several clauses:
First
, The legal origin of the preservation of the bodies is haram. For human remains were respectable, though already dead. People who live must fulfill the rights of the corpse. One of them, hasten the bodies were buried.
Second,
preserving the body for research is allowed, but limited (muqoyyad). With the provision, the study is useful for scientific development and bring serious benefits to weigh bigger: providing life protection. Not to practice alone.
Third,
prior to pickling, the rights of Muslim bodies should be met. For example bathed, shrouded, and disalati. Preservation of bodies for research must be done within the proportional limit, only for research. If the study has been completed, the corpse must be buried in accordance with the provisions of Islamic Shari'a.
Fourth,
countries are asked to make regulations governing the provision and mekanismenya.Kaidah in Islam, Masdar F Mas'udi review of the Board of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), basically everything is allowed until there is a theorem that states terlarang.Organ body of Islamic law regarding human life as they relate to the soul. So far there are no rules about the human body donation after death, because it can be done. Moreover, the donation goal is to save human lives. It is appreciated and valued as a charity.
Permit the use of bodies could be given by the owner of the body while still alive or if the family permits have died. For unidentified corpse, permission is given by Prof. dikemukan pemerintah.Hal matching. Dr. Komaruddin Hidayat of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. According to him, there is actually no need to worry if the donated body then the body becomes incomplete when facing God. "When someone dies, his soul leaves the body to face God, was destroyed together with the soil body. If donated for research and education that benefit humanity, the owners will get a reward, "ujarnya.Menurut Secretary of the Honorary Board of Ethics Indonesian Medical Doctor Association dr. Agus Purwadianto, SPF, SH, MSi, Indonesia has had a fatwa about the rules and post-mortem, among other considerations Fatwa Council Health and Personality 'Ministry of Health No. 4 / 1955, which states the ruling on permissible post-mortem (not forbidden and not permitted). In Fatwa No. 7 / 1957 described the use of the procedures the corpse for the sake of education. In addition, there is Government Regulation No. 18/1981 on the corpse of Clinical Surgery and Transplant Surgery Bodies Anatomical and Network Equipment and / or Human Body. (ATK).
OPERATION transsexual
1.Pengertianya
The liberal discourse of the term sex transsexual, namely:
1. A person who is genetically normal and do not have physical intersex characteristics (uncertainty on the external genitalia or internal or both);
2. Feeling himself a member of the opposite gender genital owned;
3. Feel uncomfortable with her body;
4. Wants to adjust the body with his soul, and replace the genital genital owned accordance owned gender;
5. Wanting to live legally recognized and (by law) as a member of the gender that could have dimiliki.Seorang transsexual orientation (inclination) of sexual homo, hetero, or bisexual. Theory there are three factors:
1. Congenital or genetic;
2. Results of environmental education;
3. Consumption of some chemicals and a number of pollutants that give the same effect. Replacement word gender is a translation of the English Language "transsexual", because it primarily targets the operation is to replace sex a transvestite who wanted her to be female. Though classified as a transsexual man, because he has male genitalia. So in this case, it can be an understanding that the replacement of sex (transsexuals) is operating a medical and cosmetic plastic surgeon to change the sex of a male into female sex, through surgery.
Khuntsa
Islam does recognize sissy or khuntsa. Al-khuntsa in Arabic comes from khanatsa word meaning''soft''or''soft''. For example in the sentence wa takhannatsa khanatsa which means speech or the way the way of a gentle man and melenggak-sway resembling wanita.Banci accepted Islam as a physical reality is a sissy (hermaphrodyt). Ie someone who is not perfect genitals as male or female.
A khuntsa have surgery in order to confirm the sex or gender. However, the determination of gender is not dependent on the willingness or personal preference, but viewed the physical form. When the form of a more dominant male sex, then he should be enhanced as a penis. And vice versa. If the form of double vulva balanced (either both dominant or even vague, called khuntsa abstruse), then the determination of gender can be traced at 5 organic nature of the sexual (World Mirror Medicine No. 126/2000). The first, the arrangement of chromosomal or genetic sex. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 of whom almost similar, and that the 23 is a decisive difference between the sexes. In women it is the XX chromosome, while the man is XY.Kedua, the type of gonad. The man has the testes, whereas women have ovarium.Ketiga, morphology of external genitalia, which the man is the scrotum, penis and glans penis. While the external genitalia in women is the labia majora, labia minora and clitoris. Fourth, the morphology of the male internal genitalia of vasa deferens, seminal vesicles, and epididimus. While the internal genitalia in women is tubal falloppii, uterus and upper third of the vagina. And the fifth is a sex hormone, whether testosterone (males) or estrogen (women).
2. Process Operation and Effect
Not only in Western countries that demonstrate the success of some medical experts, changing sex male to female, but in Indonesia also has many doctors who are able to do as itu.Meskipun process replacement surgery sex (transsexuals) only takes two hours, but it can not be called as a small operation, because the risk is very big event or omission kekurangtelitan doctors who handle it. Risks that are meant, not only occur at the time of surgery, but thereafter it is more dangerous. Moreover ban violated by doctors who underwent replacement of the sexes.
On replacement surgery genital, penile (dzakar) and scrotum (fruit dzakar or testicles) and testes (where sperm production) are removed. While scrotan skin used to cover the vagina (Faraj), and for the manufacture of the clitoris (klentit), drawn partly from the penis that has been wasted tadi.Karena operations include surgery has risks, then a doctor who handle it have to be careful and meticulous, because it could happen on the matters as follows:
a. Tembusnya anus or the dirt, so seharusnyanya dirt out through the anus, but rather through the artificial vagina. So the depth of the artificial vagina should be tailored to the size or anatomy pinnggul who underwent surgery. Of course, a rather small hips are not allowed to make her vagina hole too deep, because it was feared to penetrate the feces, which in turn can be harmful to the patient's own. But most patients operated in Indonesia, the depth of her vagina only reach 10 to 15 cm. And that's still able to constrict and retracts when the operation has healed. Therefore, the finished artificial vagina surgery, fitted inside a buffer tool called the "tempo" during a new moon can be released. And if removed before the wound healed, then liangnya be closed again.
b. The occurrence of neurological abnormalities in patients, if it can not hold urine after the operation is complete. This often happens, because when operating, the urethra go wasted. There is a dangerous thing sanngat to the patient if he does not follow the advice of doctors, who end up having sex before her vagina completely healed. Such actions can lead to tearing of the lining of the stomach which can penetrate the dirt channel. And if there's anything like that, then the only way to overcome it, is operated again to close it. Means that no longer serve as the vagina, but only as a urinary tract saja.Kalau her vagina was healed, then it can function as the desire of patients, following doctor's certificate. So that not a few transvestites who have changed sex, marriage and establish a home life with men.
And please be aware of sex between the two, can satisfy each other as appropriate men with women; it's just that he can not get pregnant, because semen remains type sperm, can not be changed by the physician into the ovum. And herein lies the limitations doctor as a human being, who can not change the type of sperm into the ovum, as the main requirement of conception (pregnancy) a person.
3. Ruling in the view of islam
A man is forbidden in Islam equate himself with women, and vice versa women are prohibited from making himself equal to men; good behavior, pakaianya and even more so when he changed sex. Messenger warned:
"Allah has cursed the men who like women and women who resemble men."
Similarly, genital surgery because comply transvestite tendencies, this dibenarkan.Larangan not contain a major sin, which involves many other parties, such as the doctor who operated on him, the people who provide moral support in an effort mengoperasiannya and so forth. All of them have the same sin, the more so if the transvestites who managed to change the sex, use it to make sex with men. Then he got another major sin, because it is classified as an act homoseksul (Al Liwaath), the same legal status denngan adultery. And here are, to put forward one word that can be used as the basis of the Prohibition act, "
Four classes of the morning came the anger of God, and depart in the afternoon to meet his wrath. So I said (one of his companions asked): Who they are referred to the Messenger of Allah? The Prophet said: The man who likened himself to women, and women who equate themselves with men, and people who mengumpuli animals and our fellow men. (H.R.Al-Bayhaqi). "
It has been stated above, that all people involved directly or indirectly to the replacement effort sex, including bear the sin. It can be known to its legal status as illegitimate, the result of sin for a doctor who handle it, and those who provide and support morilnya fasillitas; based fiqhiyah rules which have the following meanings:
"What-what is forbidden to accept, is also forbidden to give
". The purpose of this Qaeda, is a transsexual sex are forbidden to receive reimbursement from the physician, it is also unlawful for doctors to give (help) transvestites in these efforts.
"Willing to give support for something, then be willing also to risk (sin) it evokes."
The purpose of this rule, are those which provide facilities and support morilnya, termasuuk both his parents who gave permission for the replacement of a transvestite sex, share the sin. So obviously, that all people involved directly or indirectly in the effort to replace a transvestite sex, mendapatka sin as a great sin in doing by transvestites itu.Lebih-more, a kind of genital sex. Not only Muslims, Jews and Christians be prohibited. For example, in Leviticus (Leviticus) 20:13 states: "If a man slept with men in the intercourse with women, so they did an abomination, they must be put to death and their blood to their own hit." Doctrine Islam was hard to prevent and punishes the practice of gay and lesbian. From Jabir ra, the Prophet advised:
"It's the most dreaded (overwrite) my people are doing the Lot"
(Reported by Ibn Majah). Rasullullah Prophet also warned:
''Who do you find committing the Lot, then kill both of them "
(Reported by Tirmidhi, Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah, and Ahmad).
''Allah has cursed anyone who commits acts of Lut (repeated three times) "
(HR Nasa'i in As-Sunan Al-Kubra IV/322 No. 7337).
''God does not want to see the man who copulate copulate male or female in the anus "
(Reported by Tirmidhi, Nasa'i, and Ibn Hibbaan). Narrated by Khalid bin Walid, on the outskirts of Arab ever happened to marriage among men. Khalid then compose a letter to Abu Bakr as the Caliph. Khalifah then consulted with his companions to determine punishment for the couple earlier. The loudest opinions are Sayyidina Ali ra, who said:
"It is not done this but only one ummah (the Prophet Lut) and you have to know what God has done to them. I think for him to be burned.''
Then Abu Bakr then sent a letter to Khalid bin Walid to burn the couple had gone astray.
Other scholars disagree about the technical execution of gay actors. But they agreed to a death sentence for the sodomy. According to Abdullah bin Abbas, was dropped from a height of gay actors followed a thrown stone. While Imam Syafii opinion, gay actors have to be stoned to death regardless of whether he is celibate or married. In the Book of Fathul Mu'in mentioned, the perpetrators of lesbian (musaahaqah) be sanctioned in accordance with the decision of the ruler (ta'zir). Could be, the ruler or the judge to distinguish between types of punishments lesbian actors are''forced''by a''professional''. Moreover, to the promoters lesbian, by twisting verses of the Quran as well. Could be worth a death sentence for him.
The liberal discourse of the term sex transsexual, namely:
1. A person who is genetically normal and do not have physical intersex characteristics (uncertainty on the external genitalia or internal or both);
2. Feeling himself a member of the opposite gender genital owned;
3. Feel uncomfortable with her body;
4. Wants to adjust the body with his soul, and replace the genital genital owned accordance owned gender;
5. Wanting to live legally recognized and (by law) as a member of the gender that could have dimiliki.Seorang transsexual orientation (inclination) of sexual homo, hetero, or bisexual. Theory there are three factors:
1. Congenital or genetic;
2. Results of environmental education;
3. Consumption of some chemicals and a number of pollutants that give the same effect. Replacement word gender is a translation of the English Language "transsexual", because it primarily targets the operation is to replace sex a transvestite who wanted her to be female. Though classified as a transsexual man, because he has male genitalia. So in this case, it can be an understanding that the replacement of sex (transsexuals) is operating a medical and cosmetic plastic surgeon to change the sex of a male into female sex, through surgery.
Khuntsa
Islam does recognize sissy or khuntsa. Al-khuntsa in Arabic comes from khanatsa word meaning''soft''or''soft''. For example in the sentence wa takhannatsa khanatsa which means speech or the way the way of a gentle man and melenggak-sway resembling wanita.Banci accepted Islam as a physical reality is a sissy (hermaphrodyt). Ie someone who is not perfect genitals as male or female.
A khuntsa have surgery in order to confirm the sex or gender. However, the determination of gender is not dependent on the willingness or personal preference, but viewed the physical form. When the form of a more dominant male sex, then he should be enhanced as a penis. And vice versa. If the form of double vulva balanced (either both dominant or even vague, called khuntsa abstruse), then the determination of gender can be traced at 5 organic nature of the sexual (World Mirror Medicine No. 126/2000). The first, the arrangement of chromosomal or genetic sex. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 of whom almost similar, and that the 23 is a decisive difference between the sexes. In women it is the XX chromosome, while the man is XY.Kedua, the type of gonad. The man has the testes, whereas women have ovarium.Ketiga, morphology of external genitalia, which the man is the scrotum, penis and glans penis. While the external genitalia in women is the labia majora, labia minora and clitoris. Fourth, the morphology of the male internal genitalia of vasa deferens, seminal vesicles, and epididimus. While the internal genitalia in women is tubal falloppii, uterus and upper third of the vagina. And the fifth is a sex hormone, whether testosterone (males) or estrogen (women).
2. Process Operation and Effect
Not only in Western countries that demonstrate the success of some medical experts, changing sex male to female, but in Indonesia also has many doctors who are able to do as itu.Meskipun process replacement surgery sex (transsexuals) only takes two hours, but it can not be called as a small operation, because the risk is very big event or omission kekurangtelitan doctors who handle it. Risks that are meant, not only occur at the time of surgery, but thereafter it is more dangerous. Moreover ban violated by doctors who underwent replacement of the sexes.
On replacement surgery genital, penile (dzakar) and scrotum (fruit dzakar or testicles) and testes (where sperm production) are removed. While scrotan skin used to cover the vagina (Faraj), and for the manufacture of the clitoris (klentit), drawn partly from the penis that has been wasted tadi.Karena operations include surgery has risks, then a doctor who handle it have to be careful and meticulous, because it could happen on the matters as follows:
a. Tembusnya anus or the dirt, so seharusnyanya dirt out through the anus, but rather through the artificial vagina. So the depth of the artificial vagina should be tailored to the size or anatomy pinnggul who underwent surgery. Of course, a rather small hips are not allowed to make her vagina hole too deep, because it was feared to penetrate the feces, which in turn can be harmful to the patient's own. But most patients operated in Indonesia, the depth of her vagina only reach 10 to 15 cm. And that's still able to constrict and retracts when the operation has healed. Therefore, the finished artificial vagina surgery, fitted inside a buffer tool called the "tempo" during a new moon can be released. And if removed before the wound healed, then liangnya be closed again.
b. The occurrence of neurological abnormalities in patients, if it can not hold urine after the operation is complete. This often happens, because when operating, the urethra go wasted. There is a dangerous thing sanngat to the patient if he does not follow the advice of doctors, who end up having sex before her vagina completely healed. Such actions can lead to tearing of the lining of the stomach which can penetrate the dirt channel. And if there's anything like that, then the only way to overcome it, is operated again to close it. Means that no longer serve as the vagina, but only as a urinary tract saja.Kalau her vagina was healed, then it can function as the desire of patients, following doctor's certificate. So that not a few transvestites who have changed sex, marriage and establish a home life with men.
And please be aware of sex between the two, can satisfy each other as appropriate men with women; it's just that he can not get pregnant, because semen remains type sperm, can not be changed by the physician into the ovum. And herein lies the limitations doctor as a human being, who can not change the type of sperm into the ovum, as the main requirement of conception (pregnancy) a person.
3. Ruling in the view of islam
A man is forbidden in Islam equate himself with women, and vice versa women are prohibited from making himself equal to men; good behavior, pakaianya and even more so when he changed sex. Messenger warned:
"Allah has cursed the men who like women and women who resemble men."
Similarly, genital surgery because comply transvestite tendencies, this dibenarkan.Larangan not contain a major sin, which involves many other parties, such as the doctor who operated on him, the people who provide moral support in an effort mengoperasiannya and so forth. All of them have the same sin, the more so if the transvestites who managed to change the sex, use it to make sex with men. Then he got another major sin, because it is classified as an act homoseksul (Al Liwaath), the same legal status denngan adultery. And here are, to put forward one word that can be used as the basis of the Prohibition act, "
Four classes of the morning came the anger of God, and depart in the afternoon to meet his wrath. So I said (one of his companions asked): Who they are referred to the Messenger of Allah? The Prophet said: The man who likened himself to women, and women who equate themselves with men, and people who mengumpuli animals and our fellow men. (H.R.Al-Bayhaqi). "
It has been stated above, that all people involved directly or indirectly to the replacement effort sex, including bear the sin. It can be known to its legal status as illegitimate, the result of sin for a doctor who handle it, and those who provide and support morilnya fasillitas; based fiqhiyah rules which have the following meanings:
"What-what is forbidden to accept, is also forbidden to give
". The purpose of this Qaeda, is a transsexual sex are forbidden to receive reimbursement from the physician, it is also unlawful for doctors to give (help) transvestites in these efforts.
"Willing to give support for something, then be willing also to risk (sin) it evokes."
The purpose of this rule, are those which provide facilities and support morilnya, termasuuk both his parents who gave permission for the replacement of a transvestite sex, share the sin. So obviously, that all people involved directly or indirectly in the effort to replace a transvestite sex, mendapatka sin as a great sin in doing by transvestites itu.Lebih-more, a kind of genital sex. Not only Muslims, Jews and Christians be prohibited. For example, in Leviticus (Leviticus) 20:13 states: "If a man slept with men in the intercourse with women, so they did an abomination, they must be put to death and their blood to their own hit." Doctrine Islam was hard to prevent and punishes the practice of gay and lesbian. From Jabir ra, the Prophet advised:
"It's the most dreaded (overwrite) my people are doing the Lot"
(Reported by Ibn Majah). Rasullullah Prophet also warned:
''Who do you find committing the Lot, then kill both of them "
(Reported by Tirmidhi, Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah, and Ahmad).
''Allah has cursed anyone who commits acts of Lut (repeated three times) "
(HR Nasa'i in As-Sunan Al-Kubra IV/322 No. 7337).
''God does not want to see the man who copulate copulate male or female in the anus "
(Reported by Tirmidhi, Nasa'i, and Ibn Hibbaan). Narrated by Khalid bin Walid, on the outskirts of Arab ever happened to marriage among men. Khalid then compose a letter to Abu Bakr as the Caliph. Khalifah then consulted with his companions to determine punishment for the couple earlier. The loudest opinions are Sayyidina Ali ra, who said:
"It is not done this but only one ummah (the Prophet Lut) and you have to know what God has done to them. I think for him to be burned.''
Then Abu Bakr then sent a letter to Khalid bin Walid to burn the couple had gone astray.
Other scholars disagree about the technical execution of gay actors. But they agreed to a death sentence for the sodomy. According to Abdullah bin Abbas, was dropped from a height of gay actors followed a thrown stone. While Imam Syafii opinion, gay actors have to be stoned to death regardless of whether he is celibate or married. In the Book of Fathul Mu'in mentioned, the perpetrators of lesbian (musaahaqah) be sanctioned in accordance with the decision of the ruler (ta'zir). Could be, the ruler or the judge to distinguish between types of punishments lesbian actors are''forced''by a''professional''. Moreover, to the promoters lesbian, by twisting verses of the Quran as well. Could be worth a death sentence for him.
Plastic Surgery
Plastic Surgery
Plastic surgery is a branch of medicine that aims to reconstruct or repair the human body through medical operations. Plastic surgery, comes from the Greek, namely "plastikos" which means "form" or "give form" Science itself is a branch of surgery that aims to restore normal form and function and "perfect" shape with the proportion of "better ".
Origin said the surgery of this type is not derived plastic materials. Types of plastic surgery is generally divided into two types: surgery for reconstruction and for cosmetic surgery. By definition, it means it can be concluded, plastic surgery is a science that is characterized more attention to the appearance of the end result of an act to appear close to normal or better.
Plastic Surgery in Indonesia was pioneered by Prof. Moenadjat Wiratmadja. After graduating as a specialist surgeon from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia in 1958, he continued his education at Washington University plastic surgeon / Barnes Hospital in the United States until 1959. On his return from abroad, he began specializing in providing education services in general and plastic surgery at the student and assistant surgeon at the Faculty of medicine / RSCM.
In 1979 he was confirmed as a professor in medicine at the Faculty of medicine. Professor Moenadjat Wiratmadja 1980.Saat died in this, view-oriented society of plastic surgery at the problem of beauty (aesthetics), such as liposuction, make sharp nose, tighten the face, and so forth. Indeed, the scope of plastic surgery is very broad. Not just a matter of aesthetics, but also reconstruction, such as in cases of burns, trauma to the face in case of accidents, congenital birth defects (congenital), such as cleft palate, genital abnormalities, and other congenital disorders. Repair fracture face, including nasal bone, upper and lower jaw bone, including within the scope of plastic surgery. Thus, surgical therapy can be aimed, as well as cosmetics. But that does not mean that aesthetic value can not be considered. And comprehensive action to do both this course only plastic surgery.
Plastic Surgery In the Islamic view
Ulama different views. Part of allowed if intended for therapy and some others forbid when used for cosmetic reasons. This prohibition is based on the prohibition of changing God's creation. Legal facial surgery to repair a damaged body part because of an accident is justified. The evidence there is some history that says that there is a Prophet Companions who switched to gold because of a broken nose during the war. Logically, if you replace a broken nose with gold allowed, especially with the skin itself, of course more utama.Wajah humans are part of the beauty which Allah endowed. Should be kept and maintained. It may not be altered in a way to shave my eyebrows, because of the prohibition of the Prophet Muhammad about it. Messenger s.a.w. cursed the women who shaved his eyebrows or ask dicukurkan eyebrows. But if the face were completely destroyed, making the related loss of face, with intent not to change Allah's creation, on the contrary, it returns the grace of God Almighty that had broken. Thus, facial surgery with the goal like that, it is permissible. Because it would restore self esteem. Included also are allowed surgery to correct congenital defects. For example, a cleft mouth patching operation. Now with the implantation of modern technology, this problem can be overcome. And will restore confidence in a person being able to live normally without cacat.Sedangkan that is forbidden if the goal is purely cosmetic surgery. Or that popler with plastic surgery. For example, a pug nose pointed contrived, contrived broad slanting eyes, thick lips thin contrived. As done by many celebrities immoral hedonists. And what Allah SWT gave it not a defect or deficiency as in the case of facial cleft or damaged by the disaster. But simply because 'gatel' and less work.
Operations like this other than dangerous, very risky because complications, is also very strong aroma change Allah's creation. As if they could not accept given a face like that since birth. In our view, if his spirit were solely, that is not satisfied with the grace of Allah Almighty, then this kind of cosmetic surgery including prohibited. Basically because Allah has created human beings in the most perfect. Moreover, it clearly has exceeded reasonable limits. God has warned us not to exceed the limit. As in the following words:
"Therefore, we determined (a law) for the Children of Israel that whoever kills a human being, not because the man (kill) another person, or for causing corruption in the earth, then as if he had killed all mankind; . And those who preserve the life of a human being, then as if he has maintained all of human life. And verily came unto them Our Messengers with (carrying) a clear proofs, then many of them seriously after that exceed the limits of mischief on earth. "
(Surat al Maidah: 32)
Under Imam An-Nawawi to differentiate between cosmetic surgery is allowed and the forbidden: In explaining the hadith the Prophet, which reads:
"Allah has cursed those women who tattooed and who asked for the tattooed, who shaved off (attenuate) and who request shaved eyebrows, the hone teeth look so beautiful and changing God's creation."
(H.R Muslim)
Imam An-Nawawi explained as follows:
"Al-Wasyimah" is the woman who tattooed. That is to paint the back of the palm of the hand, wrist, lips or other body with needles or the like to remove blood and then spiked with dye. The act was unlawful for a tattoo or a tattooed requested. While
An-Naamishah are women who remove facial hair or shave. Now
Al-Mutanammishah is a woman who asked dicukurkan. This act also prohibited, unless a beard or mustache on her face, in this case he should shave it. While
Al-Mutafallijat are women who space their teeth, usually done by old women or adults in order to look younger and more beautiful. Because the gap distance between the teeth of the ordinary there on little girls. If a woman is already getting old teeth will grow, so he uses his teeth miser to shrink the shape to make it more beautiful and still look for the clearly unlawful muda.Perbuatan either hone or a dikikirkan teeth based on the above hadith. And action is also included changing the creation of God, forgery and fraud. The words of the prophet:
"All their teeth look beautiful"
What it means is that doing it to beautify themselves. Word of the prophet is implicitly indicated that that is forbidden is a request that was done on him in order to beautify themselves. As if it needs to be done for the purpose of treatment or because of defects in the teeth or the like then it is permissible, wallahu a'lam. (Syarh Saheeh Muslim, Imam An-Nawawi essay XIII/107). An issue that needs mention here is that medical experts cosmetic surgery is usually not distinguish between needs that cause danger to the needs that do not cause danger. The interest they are only looking for material gains, and give satisfaction to patients and followers of the passions, materialist and caller freedom. They assume everyone is free to do anything against his own body. This is clearly an aberration. Because the essence of this body belongs to God, He who set the terms at will with regard to Him. Allah has explained to us the methods that have professed devil to deceive the sons of Adam, of whom was the word of God:
"And I will order them (change the nature of God's creation), then they really merobahnya."
(Q: S 4:119)
There are several cosmetic surgical procedures that are forbidden because they do not comply with the provisions of an agreed dispensation syar'i and because it included only toying with God's creation and aims to find beauty and beauty alone, for example, breast beautifying by shrinking or raising or surgery to remove the impression of aging, such as crimp hair or the like. In this case, the Shari'a does not allow it. Since there is no emergency need to do that. This was done solely to change the nature and playing God's creation according to the human passions and lust. This is clearly forbidden and cursed the perpetrators. And also because included in the two cases mentioned in the above hadith, that just want to beautify themselves and changing God's creation. Plus a lot of cosmetic surgery such an element of fraud and forgery. Similarly, injections with substances that are taken from fetuses are slain illegitimate, in which the act was a serious crime, and the side effects and other harm arising from cosmetic surgery as described by medical experts.
Plastic surgery is a branch of medicine that aims to reconstruct or repair the human body through medical operations. Plastic surgery, comes from the Greek, namely "plastikos" which means "form" or "give form" Science itself is a branch of surgery that aims to restore normal form and function and "perfect" shape with the proportion of "better ".
Origin said the surgery of this type is not derived plastic materials. Types of plastic surgery is generally divided into two types: surgery for reconstruction and for cosmetic surgery. By definition, it means it can be concluded, plastic surgery is a science that is characterized more attention to the appearance of the end result of an act to appear close to normal or better.
Plastic Surgery in Indonesia was pioneered by Prof. Moenadjat Wiratmadja. After graduating as a specialist surgeon from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia in 1958, he continued his education at Washington University plastic surgeon / Barnes Hospital in the United States until 1959. On his return from abroad, he began specializing in providing education services in general and plastic surgery at the student and assistant surgeon at the Faculty of medicine / RSCM.
In 1979 he was confirmed as a professor in medicine at the Faculty of medicine. Professor Moenadjat Wiratmadja 1980.Saat died in this, view-oriented society of plastic surgery at the problem of beauty (aesthetics), such as liposuction, make sharp nose, tighten the face, and so forth. Indeed, the scope of plastic surgery is very broad. Not just a matter of aesthetics, but also reconstruction, such as in cases of burns, trauma to the face in case of accidents, congenital birth defects (congenital), such as cleft palate, genital abnormalities, and other congenital disorders. Repair fracture face, including nasal bone, upper and lower jaw bone, including within the scope of plastic surgery. Thus, surgical therapy can be aimed, as well as cosmetics. But that does not mean that aesthetic value can not be considered. And comprehensive action to do both this course only plastic surgery.
Plastic Surgery In the Islamic view
Ulama different views. Part of allowed if intended for therapy and some others forbid when used for cosmetic reasons. This prohibition is based on the prohibition of changing God's creation. Legal facial surgery to repair a damaged body part because of an accident is justified. The evidence there is some history that says that there is a Prophet Companions who switched to gold because of a broken nose during the war. Logically, if you replace a broken nose with gold allowed, especially with the skin itself, of course more utama.Wajah humans are part of the beauty which Allah endowed. Should be kept and maintained. It may not be altered in a way to shave my eyebrows, because of the prohibition of the Prophet Muhammad about it. Messenger s.a.w. cursed the women who shaved his eyebrows or ask dicukurkan eyebrows. But if the face were completely destroyed, making the related loss of face, with intent not to change Allah's creation, on the contrary, it returns the grace of God Almighty that had broken. Thus, facial surgery with the goal like that, it is permissible. Because it would restore self esteem. Included also are allowed surgery to correct congenital defects. For example, a cleft mouth patching operation. Now with the implantation of modern technology, this problem can be overcome. And will restore confidence in a person being able to live normally without cacat.Sedangkan that is forbidden if the goal is purely cosmetic surgery. Or that popler with plastic surgery. For example, a pug nose pointed contrived, contrived broad slanting eyes, thick lips thin contrived. As done by many celebrities immoral hedonists. And what Allah SWT gave it not a defect or deficiency as in the case of facial cleft or damaged by the disaster. But simply because 'gatel' and less work.
Operations like this other than dangerous, very risky because complications, is also very strong aroma change Allah's creation. As if they could not accept given a face like that since birth. In our view, if his spirit were solely, that is not satisfied with the grace of Allah Almighty, then this kind of cosmetic surgery including prohibited. Basically because Allah has created human beings in the most perfect. Moreover, it clearly has exceeded reasonable limits. God has warned us not to exceed the limit. As in the following words:
"Therefore, we determined (a law) for the Children of Israel that whoever kills a human being, not because the man (kill) another person, or for causing corruption in the earth, then as if he had killed all mankind; . And those who preserve the life of a human being, then as if he has maintained all of human life. And verily came unto them Our Messengers with (carrying) a clear proofs, then many of them seriously after that exceed the limits of mischief on earth. "
(Surat al Maidah: 32)
Under Imam An-Nawawi to differentiate between cosmetic surgery is allowed and the forbidden: In explaining the hadith the Prophet, which reads:
"Allah has cursed those women who tattooed and who asked for the tattooed, who shaved off (attenuate) and who request shaved eyebrows, the hone teeth look so beautiful and changing God's creation."
(H.R Muslim)
Imam An-Nawawi explained as follows:
"Al-Wasyimah" is the woman who tattooed. That is to paint the back of the palm of the hand, wrist, lips or other body with needles or the like to remove blood and then spiked with dye. The act was unlawful for a tattoo or a tattooed requested. While
An-Naamishah are women who remove facial hair or shave. Now
Al-Mutanammishah is a woman who asked dicukurkan. This act also prohibited, unless a beard or mustache on her face, in this case he should shave it. While
Al-Mutafallijat are women who space their teeth, usually done by old women or adults in order to look younger and more beautiful. Because the gap distance between the teeth of the ordinary there on little girls. If a woman is already getting old teeth will grow, so he uses his teeth miser to shrink the shape to make it more beautiful and still look for the clearly unlawful muda.Perbuatan either hone or a dikikirkan teeth based on the above hadith. And action is also included changing the creation of God, forgery and fraud. The words of the prophet:
"All their teeth look beautiful"
What it means is that doing it to beautify themselves. Word of the prophet is implicitly indicated that that is forbidden is a request that was done on him in order to beautify themselves. As if it needs to be done for the purpose of treatment or because of defects in the teeth or the like then it is permissible, wallahu a'lam. (Syarh Saheeh Muslim, Imam An-Nawawi essay XIII/107). An issue that needs mention here is that medical experts cosmetic surgery is usually not distinguish between needs that cause danger to the needs that do not cause danger. The interest they are only looking for material gains, and give satisfaction to patients and followers of the passions, materialist and caller freedom. They assume everyone is free to do anything against his own body. This is clearly an aberration. Because the essence of this body belongs to God, He who set the terms at will with regard to Him. Allah has explained to us the methods that have professed devil to deceive the sons of Adam, of whom was the word of God:
"And I will order them (change the nature of God's creation), then they really merobahnya."
(Q: S 4:119)
There are several cosmetic surgical procedures that are forbidden because they do not comply with the provisions of an agreed dispensation syar'i and because it included only toying with God's creation and aims to find beauty and beauty alone, for example, breast beautifying by shrinking or raising or surgery to remove the impression of aging, such as crimp hair or the like. In this case, the Shari'a does not allow it. Since there is no emergency need to do that. This was done solely to change the nature and playing God's creation according to the human passions and lust. This is clearly forbidden and cursed the perpetrators. And also because included in the two cases mentioned in the above hadith, that just want to beautify themselves and changing God's creation. Plus a lot of cosmetic surgery such an element of fraud and forgery. Similarly, injections with substances that are taken from fetuses are slain illegitimate, in which the act was a serious crime, and the side effects and other harm arising from cosmetic surgery as described by medical experts.
Circumcision in Islam
Circumcision in Islam is not only done on men, but also to women. Circumcision for men is to cut all of the foreskin (skin) that covers the tip of the penis, while for women is to cut the skin of the prominent (and above) vagina saja.Dalam Islam, circumcision is one of self-purification media and evidence of our obedience to the teachings religion. In a hadith the Prophet s.a.w. said:
"Purity of (nature) that there are five: circumcision, shaving the pubic hair, plucking the armpit hairs, shortening the whiskers and cut nails"
(H. R. Bukhari, Muslim).
In the book Encyclopedia of Islamic Law, editor Abdul Aziz Dahlan et al., Jakarta, 1997, Vol 3 in section Khitan explained as follows: Khitan (derived from the Arabic root word-yakhtanu khatana-khatnan = cut). In terms of understanding circumcision differentiated between men and women. According to Imam al-Mawardi, madhhabs Shafi'i fiqh scholars, circumcision for men is to cut the skin that covers the tip of the penis, so be open. While female circumcision is to remove part of the clitoris or lump Faraj small tissue found on the upper end of the hole vulva female genitalia. Circumcision for men is called also I'zar and for women called khafd. But both are commonly called circumcision.
Legal Khitan
In Islamic jurisprudence, the law distinguished between circumcision for men and women. The scholars disagree about the law of circumcision for both men and women.
1.Hukum circumcision for men:
According jumhur (majority of scholars), the law of circumcision for men is mandatory. Proponents of this opinion is imam Shafi'i, Ahmad, and some followers of Imam Malik. Imam Hanafi said that circumcision is obligatory but not fardlu.Menurut popular history of imam Malik, he said circumcision is Sunnah. So is the history of the Hanafi and Imam Hasan al-Basri said the Sunnah. But for priests Malik, sunna if abandoned sinners, because according to the Maliki madhhab Sunnah is between fadlu and nadb. Ibn abi Moses of Hanbali scholars also said the sunnah muakkadah.Ibnu Qudama in his book Mughni said that circumcision is obligatory for men and the glory for women, suppose an adult male circumcision to Islam and fear it is not obligatory for him, together with the obligation wudlu and bath could fall if the feared harm the soul, then circumcision too.
The theorem is used as a foundation that circumcision is not mandatory.
1. Salman al-Farisi when Islam was not told to circumcision;
2. Hadiths above mentioned series of practice Sunna circumcision Dalan like shave her armpits and shorten the nail, then logically also sunna circumcision.
3. Hadiths Ayaddad bin Aus, the Messenger of Allah said:
"Circumcision is Sunnah for men and women preferred"
But the word sunnah in the hadith is often expressed for the traditions and customs of the Prophet either mandatory or not and circumcision here including the wajib.Adapun the arguments used as the basis of the scholars who said that circumcision is mandatory are as follows:
1.Dari Abu Hurairah the Prophet s.a.w. said that the prophet Abraham perform circumcision at the age of 80 years, he circumcision using the hatchet. (H. R. Bukhari). Abraham do when ordered to circumcision when he was 80 years old. This shows how powerful the command circumcision.
2.Kulit that in front of the genitals exposed to unclean when urinating, if not circumcised then the same with people who touch the unclean in his body so that the prayer is invalid. Prayer is worship compulsory, everything becomes a prerequisite to prayer is obligatory.
3.Hadist narrated by Abu Dawood and Ahmad, the Messenger of Allah said to Kulaib: "Dispose of infidelity and berkhitanlah hair." Allah commands s.a.w. show liability.
4.Diperbolehkan open genitals during circumcision, whereas open aurat forbidden. This shows that circumcision is obligatory, because it is not allowed anything that is prohibited except for something very strong law.
5.Memotong limbs that can not grow back and the accompanying pain is not possible except in the case required, such as hand amputation for thieves law.
6.Khitan is a Muslim tradition since the time of Prophet Muhammad until today and no one leaves, then there is no reason to say it is not mandatory.
2.Khitan for women
Legal circumcision for women has been a discussion of the scholars. Some say it is sunnah and some say it's a virtue alone and no one says wajib.Perbedaan opinions of legal scholars about circumcision for women is due to the hadith about the history of female circumcision which is still disputed kekuatannya.Tidak no valid hadiths that explain the law of female circumcision. Ibn Mundhir say that there is no hadith which can be used as references for the problem of female circumcision sunnah and nothing that can be used as basis. All the hadiths narrated female circumcision has sanad dlaif or lemah.Hadist most popular of female circumcision is the hadith of Umm 'Atiyah ra, an interpreter female circumcision, Rasulllah said to him:
"O Umm Atiyah, Just a little cut, because it adds a beautiful face and honor for husband"
This hadith narrated by Bayhaqi, Hakim from Dhahhak bin Qais. Abu Dawud also narrated a similar hadith but all dlaif history and there is no strong. Abu Dawud himself supposedly narrated this hadith to show kedlaifannya. Thus described by Ibn Hajar in the book Talkhisul Khabir.Mengingat no strong hadith about this female circumcision, Ibn Hajar narrated that some scholars and history of the priest Syafi'iyah Ahmad said there was no suggestion circumcision for perempuan.Sebagian scholars say that the Eastern women (region of the Arabian Peninsula) is recommended circumcision, while Western women from the African region are not required circumcision because they do not have a need to cut the skin that often interfere with or cause a lack of comfort women themselves.
What was cut from women
Mawardi Imam said that the circumcision of women who cut the skin above the woman's vagina is shaped like a chicken cengger. The recommended is cutting some skin is not removed in its entirety. Imam Nawawi also explain the same thing that the circumcision of women is to cut the bottom skin of the vagina in women. But in its application a lot of mistakes made by Muslims in performing female circumcision, with exaggerated vital tool in the cutting section of women. As quoted Dr. Muhammad bin Lutfi Al-Sabbag in his book about circumcision that fatal mistake in carrying out female circumcision is common in Sudan and the Indonesian Muslim community. Mistakes in the form of cutting not only the upper skin vital tool of women, but also cut through all the meat that stands out on a vital tool of women, including the clitoris so that the only remaining urinary tract and the cervix. This model circumcision in Arab society known as "Circumcision Pharaoh".
Several medical studies prove that circumcision like this could cause a negative impact on both women's health and psychological, such as the cause of women is not stable and reduce sexual desire. Even some medical experts claim that circumcision this model also can cause a variety of sex on perempuan.Seandainya pernyakit hadiths concerning female circumcision on valid, then there was the Messenger of Allah prohibit excessive in menghitan girls. The prohibition of the Prophet s.a.w. are legally able to indicate prohibition of such action. Moreover, if proven that excessive or errors in carrying out female circumcision can cause a negative impact, then certainly prohibition of such action.
With the above considerations in some circles of contemporary scholars state that can not be guaranteed if the implementation of proper female circumcision, especially when it is committed against a girl who was a baby, which is generally difficult to be able to carry out female circumcision in moderation, then you should not do female circumcision. Yet there is no authentic hadith of the underlying.
Time circumcision
When circumcision is obligatory upon baligh, because at that time required to perform their prayers. Without circumcision, prayer is not perfect because that which is sacred legal requirements can not pray sunnah is terpenuhi.Adapun time before baligh. While the effort (a good choice to be implemented) is the seventh day after birth, or 40 days after birth, or also recommended at the age of 7 years. Qadli Husain says should enter into circumcision at age 10 because at that time ordered the child began praying. Ibn Mundhir said that circumcision at the age of 7 days because it is legal makruh Jewish tradition, but there is a history that the Messenger of Allah circumcise Hasan and Husayn, the grandson of him at age 7 days, as did the prophet Abraham is said to circumcise his son Isaac at age 7 hari.Ibnu Abbas was asked, which means: "Who are you when Rasululloh age sallallaahu alaihi wa Salam died?" Ibnu Abas said: "I was at that time was already circumcised, and the people (those days) did not circumcise male until he baligh." (HR: Al-Bukhari) Women circumcised at infancy.
"Purity of (nature) that there are five: circumcision, shaving the pubic hair, plucking the armpit hairs, shortening the whiskers and cut nails"
(H. R. Bukhari, Muslim).
In the book Encyclopedia of Islamic Law, editor Abdul Aziz Dahlan et al., Jakarta, 1997, Vol 3 in section Khitan explained as follows: Khitan (derived from the Arabic root word-yakhtanu khatana-khatnan = cut). In terms of understanding circumcision differentiated between men and women. According to Imam al-Mawardi, madhhabs Shafi'i fiqh scholars, circumcision for men is to cut the skin that covers the tip of the penis, so be open. While female circumcision is to remove part of the clitoris or lump Faraj small tissue found on the upper end of the hole vulva female genitalia. Circumcision for men is called also I'zar and for women called khafd. But both are commonly called circumcision.
Legal Khitan
In Islamic jurisprudence, the law distinguished between circumcision for men and women. The scholars disagree about the law of circumcision for both men and women.
1.Hukum circumcision for men:
According jumhur (majority of scholars), the law of circumcision for men is mandatory. Proponents of this opinion is imam Shafi'i, Ahmad, and some followers of Imam Malik. Imam Hanafi said that circumcision is obligatory but not fardlu.Menurut popular history of imam Malik, he said circumcision is Sunnah. So is the history of the Hanafi and Imam Hasan al-Basri said the Sunnah. But for priests Malik, sunna if abandoned sinners, because according to the Maliki madhhab Sunnah is between fadlu and nadb. Ibn abi Moses of Hanbali scholars also said the sunnah muakkadah.Ibnu Qudama in his book Mughni said that circumcision is obligatory for men and the glory for women, suppose an adult male circumcision to Islam and fear it is not obligatory for him, together with the obligation wudlu and bath could fall if the feared harm the soul, then circumcision too.
The theorem is used as a foundation that circumcision is not mandatory.
1. Salman al-Farisi when Islam was not told to circumcision;
2. Hadiths above mentioned series of practice Sunna circumcision Dalan like shave her armpits and shorten the nail, then logically also sunna circumcision.
3. Hadiths Ayaddad bin Aus, the Messenger of Allah said:
"Circumcision is Sunnah for men and women preferred"
But the word sunnah in the hadith is often expressed for the traditions and customs of the Prophet either mandatory or not and circumcision here including the wajib.Adapun the arguments used as the basis of the scholars who said that circumcision is mandatory are as follows:
1.Dari Abu Hurairah the Prophet s.a.w. said that the prophet Abraham perform circumcision at the age of 80 years, he circumcision using the hatchet. (H. R. Bukhari). Abraham do when ordered to circumcision when he was 80 years old. This shows how powerful the command circumcision.
2.Kulit that in front of the genitals exposed to unclean when urinating, if not circumcised then the same with people who touch the unclean in his body so that the prayer is invalid. Prayer is worship compulsory, everything becomes a prerequisite to prayer is obligatory.
3.Hadist narrated by Abu Dawood and Ahmad, the Messenger of Allah said to Kulaib: "Dispose of infidelity and berkhitanlah hair." Allah commands s.a.w. show liability.
4.Diperbolehkan open genitals during circumcision, whereas open aurat forbidden. This shows that circumcision is obligatory, because it is not allowed anything that is prohibited except for something very strong law.
5.Memotong limbs that can not grow back and the accompanying pain is not possible except in the case required, such as hand amputation for thieves law.
6.Khitan is a Muslim tradition since the time of Prophet Muhammad until today and no one leaves, then there is no reason to say it is not mandatory.
2.Khitan for women
Legal circumcision for women has been a discussion of the scholars. Some say it is sunnah and some say it's a virtue alone and no one says wajib.Perbedaan opinions of legal scholars about circumcision for women is due to the hadith about the history of female circumcision which is still disputed kekuatannya.Tidak no valid hadiths that explain the law of female circumcision. Ibn Mundhir say that there is no hadith which can be used as references for the problem of female circumcision sunnah and nothing that can be used as basis. All the hadiths narrated female circumcision has sanad dlaif or lemah.Hadist most popular of female circumcision is the hadith of Umm 'Atiyah ra, an interpreter female circumcision, Rasulllah said to him:
"O Umm Atiyah, Just a little cut, because it adds a beautiful face and honor for husband"
This hadith narrated by Bayhaqi, Hakim from Dhahhak bin Qais. Abu Dawud also narrated a similar hadith but all dlaif history and there is no strong. Abu Dawud himself supposedly narrated this hadith to show kedlaifannya. Thus described by Ibn Hajar in the book Talkhisul Khabir.Mengingat no strong hadith about this female circumcision, Ibn Hajar narrated that some scholars and history of the priest Syafi'iyah Ahmad said there was no suggestion circumcision for perempuan.Sebagian scholars say that the Eastern women (region of the Arabian Peninsula) is recommended circumcision, while Western women from the African region are not required circumcision because they do not have a need to cut the skin that often interfere with or cause a lack of comfort women themselves.
What was cut from women
Mawardi Imam said that the circumcision of women who cut the skin above the woman's vagina is shaped like a chicken cengger. The recommended is cutting some skin is not removed in its entirety. Imam Nawawi also explain the same thing that the circumcision of women is to cut the bottom skin of the vagina in women. But in its application a lot of mistakes made by Muslims in performing female circumcision, with exaggerated vital tool in the cutting section of women. As quoted Dr. Muhammad bin Lutfi Al-Sabbag in his book about circumcision that fatal mistake in carrying out female circumcision is common in Sudan and the Indonesian Muslim community. Mistakes in the form of cutting not only the upper skin vital tool of women, but also cut through all the meat that stands out on a vital tool of women, including the clitoris so that the only remaining urinary tract and the cervix. This model circumcision in Arab society known as "Circumcision Pharaoh".
Several medical studies prove that circumcision like this could cause a negative impact on both women's health and psychological, such as the cause of women is not stable and reduce sexual desire. Even some medical experts claim that circumcision this model also can cause a variety of sex on perempuan.Seandainya pernyakit hadiths concerning female circumcision on valid, then there was the Messenger of Allah prohibit excessive in menghitan girls. The prohibition of the Prophet s.a.w. are legally able to indicate prohibition of such action. Moreover, if proven that excessive or errors in carrying out female circumcision can cause a negative impact, then certainly prohibition of such action.
With the above considerations in some circles of contemporary scholars state that can not be guaranteed if the implementation of proper female circumcision, especially when it is committed against a girl who was a baby, which is generally difficult to be able to carry out female circumcision in moderation, then you should not do female circumcision. Yet there is no authentic hadith of the underlying.
Time circumcision
When circumcision is obligatory upon baligh, because at that time required to perform their prayers. Without circumcision, prayer is not perfect because that which is sacred legal requirements can not pray sunnah is terpenuhi.Adapun time before baligh. While the effort (a good choice to be implemented) is the seventh day after birth, or 40 days after birth, or also recommended at the age of 7 years. Qadli Husain says should enter into circumcision at age 10 because at that time ordered the child began praying. Ibn Mundhir said that circumcision at the age of 7 days because it is legal makruh Jewish tradition, but there is a history that the Messenger of Allah circumcise Hasan and Husayn, the grandson of him at age 7 days, as did the prophet Abraham is said to circumcise his son Isaac at age 7 hari.Ibnu Abbas was asked, which means: "Who are you when Rasululloh age sallallaahu alaihi wa Salam died?" Ibnu Abas said: "I was at that time was already circumcised, and the people (those days) did not circumcise male until he baligh." (HR: Al-Bukhari) Women circumcised at infancy.
Circumcision
Khitanatau circumcision or circumcision (UK: Circumcision) is the act of cutting or eliminating some or all of the front cover of the penile skin. Frenulum of the penis can also be cut together in a procedure called frenektomi. The word circumcision comes from Latin circum (meaning "play") and caedere (meaning "cut").
In Arabic circumcision is also used as another name for male and female genitalia as in the hadith which says
"If a meeting was held two circumcision, it has been obliged to take a bath"
(H. R. Muslim, Tirmidhi, etc..).
Circumcision has been performed since prehistoric times, judging from the pictures in the cave that comes from the Stone Age and ancient Egyptian tomb. The reason for this action is still unclear at that time but the theories predict that this action is part of a ritual sacrifice or offering, a sign of surrender to the Almighty, a step towards maturity, a sign of defeat or slavery, or attempt to alter esthetics or sexuality. Circumcision in men is required in Islam and Judaism. This practice is also found among the majority population of South Korea, America, and Filipina.Sunat in infants has been discussed in recent decades. American Medical Association (AMA) states that medical associations in the United States, Australia and Canada do not recommend routine circumcision of non-therapeutic (rather than religious reasons, not ritual, and not medically deperlukan) in male infants laki.Menurut AMA literature in 1999, parents in the U.S. chosen to perform circumcision on their children mainly due to social or cultural reasons than for health reasons.
However, the survey in 2001 showed that 23.5% of parents do it by citing "health". The genital integrity advocates condemn all acts of circumcision on babies because they think it is a form of male genital mutilation which can be equated with the banned female circumcision in the U.S.. Some experts argue that circumcision is beneficial to health. Circumcision is necessary to treat chronic bleeding of the penis, and penile cancer. Some doctors recommend circumcision to treat fimosis, while others suggested other methods of effective treatment for this condition.
Avail circumcision
As expressed by medical experts that circumcision has health benefits for members of the body because waste is a place of hiding dirt, viruses, unclean and unpleasant smell. Urine contains all the elements. When out past the skin that covers the genitals, then the sewage sludge is partially blocked by the skin. More and more sediment. You can imagine how long someone did piss in a day and how much sediment deposited by genital skin cover in a year. Therefore, some medical studies prove that people with venereal disease more than kelangan are not circumcised. Similarly dangerous disease AIDS, genital cancer and even ovarian cancer also affects more by couples who are not circumcised.
In addition it is also medically proven, the head of the penis sensitive to nerve stimuli because many contain erotic. This makes the head of the uncircumcised penis is more sensitive than the circumcised. Thus, circumcision was also helping to prevent premature ejaculation. It's also become one of the reasons that non-Muslims in Europe and the United States to conduct circumcision.
In Arabic circumcision is also used as another name for male and female genitalia as in the hadith which says
"If a meeting was held two circumcision, it has been obliged to take a bath"
(H. R. Muslim, Tirmidhi, etc..).
Circumcision has been performed since prehistoric times, judging from the pictures in the cave that comes from the Stone Age and ancient Egyptian tomb. The reason for this action is still unclear at that time but the theories predict that this action is part of a ritual sacrifice or offering, a sign of surrender to the Almighty, a step towards maturity, a sign of defeat or slavery, or attempt to alter esthetics or sexuality. Circumcision in men is required in Islam and Judaism. This practice is also found among the majority population of South Korea, America, and Filipina.Sunat in infants has been discussed in recent decades. American Medical Association (AMA) states that medical associations in the United States, Australia and Canada do not recommend routine circumcision of non-therapeutic (rather than religious reasons, not ritual, and not medically deperlukan) in male infants laki.Menurut AMA literature in 1999, parents in the U.S. chosen to perform circumcision on their children mainly due to social or cultural reasons than for health reasons.
However, the survey in 2001 showed that 23.5% of parents do it by citing "health". The genital integrity advocates condemn all acts of circumcision on babies because they think it is a form of male genital mutilation which can be equated with the banned female circumcision in the U.S.. Some experts argue that circumcision is beneficial to health. Circumcision is necessary to treat chronic bleeding of the penis, and penile cancer. Some doctors recommend circumcision to treat fimosis, while others suggested other methods of effective treatment for this condition.
Avail circumcision
As expressed by medical experts that circumcision has health benefits for members of the body because waste is a place of hiding dirt, viruses, unclean and unpleasant smell. Urine contains all the elements. When out past the skin that covers the genitals, then the sewage sludge is partially blocked by the skin. More and more sediment. You can imagine how long someone did piss in a day and how much sediment deposited by genital skin cover in a year. Therefore, some medical studies prove that people with venereal disease more than kelangan are not circumcised. Similarly dangerous disease AIDS, genital cancer and even ovarian cancer also affects more by couples who are not circumcised.
In addition it is also medically proven, the head of the penis sensitive to nerve stimuli because many contain erotic. This makes the head of the uncircumcised penis is more sensitive than the circumcised. Thus, circumcision was also helping to prevent premature ejaculation. It's also become one of the reasons that non-Muslims in Europe and the United States to conduct circumcision.
Organ Transplant
1) HISTORY
Inspirational transplantation issues in Medical Sciences are:
1. The creation of Eve from the rib taken from Adam's rib.
2. The legend of Icarus taentang who managed to make the wings of the eagle feathers and then affixed to the body.
Approximately 2000 years before Christ, in Egypt discovered a manuscript whose contents include a description of the tissue transplant experiments. While in India a few hundred years before Christ, a Hindu nation ali surgery have improved the nose of a detainee who defects caused by torture, in a way to transplant some of the fat tissue underneath the skin from his arm. This experience stimulates George Tagliacosi, the Italian surgeon, in 1597 tried to remedy defects in the nose someone using his friend's skin.
In 1863, Paul Bert, the French physiologist believes tissue transplants between individuals of the same type will fail, but he could not explain why. Then in 1903, C.O. Jensen, a biologist and in 1912, G. Schone, a surgeon, both of them the Germans; explain the mechanism of tissue rejection by the recipient, which is due to the process of immunity in the recipient's body. John Murphy, American surgeon, in 1897 has managed to connect the blood vessels in experimental animals. His achievement was to bring rapid development of more and more advanced in the field of transplantation and a milestone in the holding of an organ transplant.
In 1902 E. Ullman, the Germans surgeon, and a year later Claude Beck, American surgeon, has succeeded in doing kidney transplants on a anjing.Pada early twentieth century to hold the thought arising transplanted tissue or organ in the two twin individuals originating from a single egg cell. Because individual twins from one egg is biologically can be considered one individual. Based on this fact encourages Dr. J.E. Murray in 1954 to treat a child suffering from kidney disease with kidney transplant from her twin brother.
Inspirational transplantation issues in Medical Sciences are:
1. The creation of Eve from the rib taken from Adam's rib.
2. The legend of Icarus taentang who managed to make the wings of the eagle feathers and then affixed to the body.
Approximately 2000 years before Christ, in Egypt discovered a manuscript whose contents include a description of the tissue transplant experiments. While in India a few hundred years before Christ, a Hindu nation ali surgery have improved the nose of a detainee who defects caused by torture, in a way to transplant some of the fat tissue underneath the skin from his arm. This experience stimulates George Tagliacosi, the Italian surgeon, in 1597 tried to remedy defects in the nose someone using his friend's skin.
In 1863, Paul Bert, the French physiologist believes tissue transplants between individuals of the same type will fail, but he could not explain why. Then in 1903, C.O. Jensen, a biologist and in 1912, G. Schone, a surgeon, both of them the Germans; explain the mechanism of tissue rejection by the recipient, which is due to the process of immunity in the recipient's body. John Murphy, American surgeon, in 1897 has managed to connect the blood vessels in experimental animals. His achievement was to bring rapid development of more and more advanced in the field of transplantation and a milestone in the holding of an organ transplant.
In 1902 E. Ullman, the Germans surgeon, and a year later Claude Beck, American surgeon, has succeeded in doing kidney transplants on a anjing.Pada early twentieth century to hold the thought arising transplanted tissue or organ in the two twin individuals originating from a single egg cell. Because individual twins from one egg is biologically can be considered one individual. Based on this fact encourages Dr. J.E. Murray in 1954 to treat a child suffering from kidney disease with kidney transplant from her twin brother.
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